Franklin Miller, senior faculty member at the Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, notes: "By the late 1990s. The category of "brain death" is seen as problematic by some scholars.
In the case of sleep, EEGs can easily tell the difference. Suspension of consciousness must be permanent, and not transient, as occurs during certain sleep stages, and especially a coma. It is presumed that an end of electrical activity indicates the end of consciousness. Today, where a definition of the moment of death is required, doctors and coroners usually turn to "brain death" or "biological death" to define a person as being dead people are considered dead when the electrical activity in their brain ceases. Furthermore, events which were causally linked to death in the past no longer kill in all circumstances without a functioning heart or lungs, life can sometimes be sustained with a combination of life support devices, organ transplants and artificial pacemakers. Thus, the arguments for and against the DCDD boil down to a matter of defining the actual words "permanent" and "irreversible," which further complicates the challenge of defining death. Critics of this definition state that while cessation of these functions may be permanent, it does not mean the situation is irreversible, because if CPR was applied, the person could be revived. Proponents of the DCDD believe that this definition is reasonable because a person with permanent loss of circulatory and respiratory function should be considered dead. This type of death where circulatory and respiratory arrest happens is known as the circulatory definition of death (DCDD). Death was once defined as the cessation of heartbeat ( cardiac arrest) and of breathing, but the development of CPR and prompt defibrillation have rendered that definition inadequate because breathing and heartbeat can sometimes be restarted. Historically, attempts to define the exact moment of a human's death have been subjective, or imprecise. As it pertains to human life, death is an irreversible process where someone loses their existence as a person. More specifically, death occurs when a living entity experiences irreversible cessation of all functioning. Other definitions for death focus on the character of cessation of something. It implies a slow shift from one spiritual state to another. In certain cultures, death is more of a process than a single event. Additionally, many religious traditions, including Abrahamic and Dharmic traditions, hold that death does not (or may not) entail the end of consciousness. Another problem is in defining consciousness, which has many different definitions given by modern scientists, psychologists and philosophers. One of the flaws in this approach is that there are many organisms that are alive but probably not conscious (for example, single-celled organisms).
When consciousness ceases, an organism can be said to have died. It is possible to define life in terms of consciousness.
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This is difficult, due to there being little consensus on how to define life. Such determination, therefore, requires drawing precise conceptual boundaries between life and death.
Determining when death has occurred is difficult, as cessation of life functions is often not simultaneous across organ systems. As a point in time, death would seem to refer to the moment at which life ends. One of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing it from life. Additionally, the advent of life-sustaining therapy and the numerous criteria for defining death from both a medical and legal standpoint, have made it difficult to create a single unifying definition. There are many scientific approaches and various interpretations of the concept. The concept of death is a key to human understanding of the phenomenon. French – 16th-/17th-century ivory pendant, Monk and Death, recalling mortality and the certainty of death ( Walters Art Museum)
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